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目标 具体目标 文书 条款 / 描述

创建和平、包容的社会以促进可持续发展，让所有人都能诉诸司法，在各级建立有效、负责和包容的机构

 16.3

在国家和国际层面促进法治，确保所有人都有平等诉诸司法的机会。

Indicators
16.3.2
未判刑的被拘留者占监狱服刑总人口的百分比
16.3.1
过去12个月内向主管当局或其他官方认可的冲突解决机制报告其受害经历的暴力行为受害者所占比例
16.3.3
过去两年中发生争端且获得正式或非正式争端解决机 制的人口的比例，按机制种类分列
 UNDHRD
人权维护者宣言
2.1
每个国家负有首要责任和义务保护 促进和实现一切人权和基本自由,除其他外, 应采取可能必要的步骤,在社会 经济 政治以及其他领域创造一切必要条件,建立必要的 法律保障,以确保在其管辖下的所有人能单独地和与他人一起在实际享受所有这些权利与 自由
2.1 每个国家负有首要责任和义务保护 促进和实现一切人权和基本自由,除其他外, 应采取可能必要的步骤,在社会 经济 政治以及其他领域创造一切必要条件,建立必要的 法律保障,以确保在其管辖下的所有人能单独地和与他人一起在实际享受所有这些权利与 自由
2.2
每一国家均应采取可能必要的立法 行政和其他步骤,以确保本宣言所提的权利和 自由得到有效的保证
3
符合 联合国宪章 和各国在人权和基本自由领域的其他国际义务的国内立法,是落实 和享受人权和基本自由 以及进行本宣言所提一切促进 保护和有效实现这些权利和自由 的活动的法律框架
9.1
在行使人权和基本自由 包括如本宣言所提促进和保护人权时,人人有权单独地和 与他人一起援引有效的补救措施,并在这些权利遭到侵犯时得到保护
9.1 在行使人权和基本自由 包括如本宣言所提促进和保护人权时,人人有权单独地和 与他人一起援引有效的补救措施,并在这些权利遭到侵犯时得到保护
9.2
为此目的,声称其权利或自由受侵犯的所有人均有权自己或通过法律认可代表向 一依法设立的独立 公正的主管司法当局或其他当局提出申诉,并要求该当局通过公开听讯 迅速审理申诉,依法作出裁判,如判定该人权利或自由确实受到侵犯,则提供补偿,包括任何 应得的赔偿,以及执行最终裁判和赔偿,一切均不得有不当延误
9.1 在行使人权和基本自由 包括如本宣言所提促进和保护人权时,人人有权单独地和 与他人一起援引有效的补救措施,并在这些权利遭到侵犯时得到保护
9.3 为了同一目的,人人有权单独地和与他人一起:
9.3.a
通过诉状或其他适当手段,向国内主管司法 行政 立法当局或该国法律制度授权 的任何其他主管当局,对个别官员和政府机构的违反人权和基本自由的政策和行为提出申 诉,有关当局应对申诉作出裁判,不得有不当延误;
9.1 在行使人权和基本自由 包括如本宣言所提促进和保护人权时,人人有权单独地和 与他人一起援引有效的补救措施,并在这些权利遭到侵犯时得到保护
9.3 为了同一目的,人人有权单独地和与他人一起:
9.3.b
出席公开听讯 诉讼和审判,以便确定其是否符合国内法律和适用的国际义务和承 诺;
9.1 在行使人权和基本自由 包括如本宣言所提促进和保护人权时,人人有权单独地和 与他人一起援引有效的补救措施,并在这些权利遭到侵犯时得到保护
9.3 为了同一目的,人人有权单独地和与他人一起:
9.3.c
为保护人权和基本自由给予并提供具有专业水准的法律援助或其他有关的咨询意 见和援助
9.1 在行使人权和基本自由 包括如本宣言所提促进和保护人权时,人人有权单独地和 与他人一起援引有效的补救措施,并在这些权利遭到侵犯时得到保护
9.5
国家如有合理根据,认为在其管辖的任何领土内发生了侵犯人权和基本自由的行 为,应立即 公正地进行调查,或确保这样的查究得以进行
10
任何人不得以作为或应有为的不作为参与侵犯人权和基本自由,任何人也不得因拒绝 参与而遭受任何形式的处罚或不利行动
11
人人有权单独地和与他人一起合法从事其专业或职业 因其职业而可能影响他人尊严 人权和基本自由者应尊重这些权利和自由,遵守有关的国家和国际专业和职业行为或道德 标准
12.1 人人有权单独地和与他人一起参加反对侵犯人权和基本自由的和平活动
12.3
在这方面,在以和平手段作出反应或反对造成侵犯人权和基本自由的可归咎于国 家的活动和作为,包括不作为,以及反对群体或个人犯下暴力行为影响人权和基本自由的享 受时,人人有权单独地和与他人一起受到国内法律的有效保护
15
国家有责任促进和便利各级教育机构中的人权和基本自由的教学,确保所有负责培训 律师 执法官员 武装部队人员和政府官员的培训人员把适当的人权教学内容列入他们的 培训方案
17
在行使本宣言所载的权利和自由时,人人单独和与他人一起均须受符合适用国际义务 由法律纯粹为保证充分承认和尊重他人的权利和自由 满足正当道德要求 公共秩序和民 主社会的普遍福利所规定的限制
18.2
个人 群体 机构和非政府组织可发挥重要作用 并负有责任保障民主,促进人权和 基本自由,为促进民主社会 民主体制和民主进程的进步作出贡献
UDHR
世界人权宣言
6
人人在任何地方有权被承认在法律前的人格。
7
在法律前人人平等，并有权享受法律的平等保护，不受任何歧视。人人有权享受平等保护，以免受违反本宣言的任何歧视行为以及煽动这种歧视的任何行为之害。
8
任何人当宪法或法律所赋予他的基本权利遭受侵害时，有权由合格的国家法庭对这种侵害行为作有效的补救。
10
人人完全平等地有权由一个独立而无偏倚的法庭进行公正的和公开的审讯，以确定他的权利和义务并判定对他提出的任何刑事指控。
ICCPR
公民权利和政治权利国际公约
2.3 本公约每一缔约国承担：
2.3.a
保证任何一个被侵犯了本公约所承认的权利或自由的人，能得到有效的补救，尽管此种侵犯是以官方资格行事的人所为；
2.3 本公约每一缔约国承担：
2.3.b
保证任何要求此种补救的人能由合格的司法、行政或立法当局或由国家法律制度规定的任何其他合格当局断定其在这方面的权利；并发展司法补救的可能性；
2.3 本公约每一缔约国承担：
2.3.c
保证合格当局在准予此等补救时，确能付诸实施。
14.1
所有的人在法庭和裁判所前一律平等。在判定对任何人提出的任何刑事指控或确定他在一件诉讼案中的权利和义务时，人人有资格由一个依法设立的合格的、独立的和无偏倚的法庭进行公正的和公开的审讯。由于民主社会中的道德的、公共秩序的或国家安全的理由，或当诉讼当事人的私生活的利益有此需要时，或在特殊情况下法庭认为公开审判会损害司法利益因而严格需要的限度下，可不使记者和公众出席全部或部分审判；但对刑事案件或法律诉讼的任何判刑决应公开宣布，除非少年的利益另有要求或者诉讼系有关儿童监护权的婚姻争端。
14.2
凡受刑事控告者，在未依法证实有罪之前，应有权被视为无罪。
14.3 在判定对他提出的任何刑事指控时，人人完全平等地有资格享受以下的最低限度的保证：
14.3.a
迅速以一种他懂得的语言详细地告知对他提出的指控的性质和原因；
14.3 在判定对他提出的任何刑事指控时，人人完全平等地有资格享受以下的最低限度的保证：
14.3.b
有相当时间和便利准备他的辩护并与他自己选择的律师联络；
14.3 在判定对他提出的任何刑事指控时，人人完全平等地有资格享受以下的最低限度的保证：
14.3.c
受审时间不被无故拖延；
14.3 在判定对他提出的任何刑事指控时，人人完全平等地有资格享受以下的最低限度的保证：
14.3.d
出席受审并亲自替自己辩护或经由他自己所选择所法律援助进行辩护；如果他没有法律援助，要通知他享有这种权利；在司法利益有此需要的案件中，为他指定法律援助，而在他没有足够能力偿付法律援助的案件中，不要他自己付费；
14.3 在判定对他提出的任何刑事指控时，人人完全平等地有资格享受以下的最低限度的保证：
14.3.e
讯问或业已讯问对他不利的证人，并使对他有利的证人在与对他不利的证人相同的条件下出庭和受讯问；
14.3 在判定对他提出的任何刑事指控时，人人完全平等地有资格享受以下的最低限度的保证：
14.3.f
如他不懂或不会说法庭上所用的语言，能免费获得译员的援助；
14.3 在判定对他提出的任何刑事指控时，人人完全平等地有资格享受以下的最低限度的保证：
14.3.g
不被强迫作不利于他自己的证言或强迫承认犯罪。
14.4
对少年的案件，在程序上应考虑到他们的年龄和帮助他们重新做人的需要。
14,5
凡被判定有罪者，应有权由一个较高级法庭对其定罪及刑罚依法进行复审。
14.6
在一人按照最后决定已被判定犯刑事罪而其后根据新的或新发现的事实确实表明发生误审，他的定罪被推翻或被赦免的情况下，因这种定罪而受刑罚的人应依法得到赔偿，除非经证明当时不知道的事实的未被及时揭露完全是或部分是由于他自己的缘故。
14.7
任何人已依一国的法律及刑事程序被最后定罪或宣告无罪者，不得就同一罪名再予审判或惩罚。
16
人人在任何地方有权被承认在法律前的人格。
ICERD
消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约
5 缔约国依本公约第二条所规定的基本义务承诺禁止并消除一切形式种族歧视，保证人人有不分种族、肤色或民族或人种在法律上一律平等的权利，尤得享受下列权利:
5.A
在法庭上及其他一切司法裁判机关中平等待遇的权利。
6
缔约国应保证在其管辖范围内，人人均能经由国内主管法庭及其他国家机关对违反本公约侵害其人权及基本自由的任何种族歧视行为，获得有效保护与救济，并有权就因此种歧视而遭受的任何损失向此等法庭请求公允充分的赔偿或补偿。
CRC
儿童权利公约
12,2
为此目的，儿童特别应有机会在影响到儿童的任何司法和行政诉讼中，以符合国家法律的诉讼规则的方式，直接或通过代表或适当机构陈述意见。
CEDAW
消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约
15.1
缔约各国应给予男女在法律面前平等的地位。
15.2
缔约各国应在公民事务上，给予妇女与男子同等的法律行为能力，以及行使这种行为能力的相同机会。特别应给予妇女签订合同和管理财产的平等权利，并在法院和法庭诉讼的各个阶段给予平等待遇。
CRPD
残疾人权利公约
13.1
缔约国应当确保残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上有效获得司法保护，包括通过提供程序便利和适龄措施，以便利他们在所有法律诉讼程序中，包括在调查和其他初步阶段中，切实发挥其作为直接和间接参与方，包括其作为证人的作用。
13.2
为了协助确保残疾人有效获得司法保护，缔约国应当促进对司法领域工作人员，包括警察和监狱工作人员进行适当的培训。
Aarhus Convention
Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters
1
为促进保护今世后代人人得在适合其健 康和福扯的环境中生活的权利， 每个缔约方 应按照本公约的规定， 保障在环境问题上获 得信息、公众参与决策和诉诸法律的权利。
3.1
每个缔约方应采取必要的立法、规 章和其他措施， 包括旨在使各种落实本公约 关千信息、公众参与和诉诸法律的规定相互 匹配的措施， 以及恰当的执行措施， 以建立 和保持 一个落实本公约各项规定的明确、透 明和连贯一致的框架。
3.2
每个缔约方应力求确保各级官员和 部门在环境问题上协助和指导公众设法获取 信息、促进参与决策和诉诸法律。
3.3
每个缔约方应在公众中促进环境教 育和提高环境意识， 特别是帮助公众了解如 何在环境间题上获取信息、参与决策和诉诸 法律。
3.5
缔约方有权保持或采用在环境问题 上获取信息、参与决策和诉诸法律方面范围 广千本公约要求的措施， 这项权利不受本公 约规定影响。
3.6
本公约不要求克减在环境问题上获 取信息、参与决策和诉诸法律的现有权利。
3.9
在本公约有关规定范围内， 公众应 能在环境间题上获取信息、参与决策和诉诸 法律， 不因公民身份、国籍或居所而受任何歧视， 法人则不因注册地或有效活动中心所 在地而受任何歧视。
6.11
每个缔约方应在国家法律框架 内， 在可行和适当的前提下， 就关于是否准 许有目的有计划地将基因改变的有机体释放 到环境中的做法的决定适用本条的规定。
8.b
发表或以其他方式公布规 则草案； 以及
9.2
每个缔约方应在国家立法的框架内 确保
9.2.a
具有充分利益的所涉公众 或
9.3
除此之外， 并且在不影响以上第l 款和第2款所指复审程序的前提下， 每个缔 约方应确保， 只要符合国家法律可能规定的 标准， 公众即可诉诸行政程序或司法程序， 以便就违反与环境有关的国家法律规定的个 人和公共当局的作为和不作为提出质疑。
10.1
第一次缔约方会议应不迟千本公约 生效之日起一年举行。此后， 应至少每隔两 年举行一次缔约方常会， 除非缔约方另有决 定， 或经任何缔约方书面请求另作安排， 但 该请求须在欧洲经济委员会执行秘书将其通 报所有缔约方起六个月之内至少得到三分之 —缔约方的支持。
Kiev Protocol
Kiev Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers to the Aarhus Convention
14.1
Each Party shall, within the framework of its national legislation, ensure that any person who considers that his or her request for information under article 11, paragraph 2, has been ignored, wrongfully refused, whether in part or in full, inadequately answered, or otherwise no t dealt with in accordance with the provisions of that paragraph has access to a review procedure before a court of law or another independent and impartial body established by law.
Escazú Agreement
Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean
4.3
Each Party shall adopt the necessary measures, of a legislative, regulatory, administrative or any other nature, in the framework of its domestic provisions, to guarantee the implementation of the provisions of the present Agreement.
5.18
Each Party shall establish or designate one or more impartial entities or institutions with autonomy and independence to promote transparency in access to environmental information, to oversee compliance with rules, and monitor, report on and guarantee the right of access to information. Each Party may consider including or strengthening, as appropriate, sanctioning powers within the scope of the responsibilities of the aforementioned entities or institutions.
7.12
Each Party shall promote, where appropriate and in accordance with domestic legislation, public participation in international forums and negotiations on environmental matters or with an environmental impact, in accordance with the procedural rules on participation of each forum. The participation of the public at the national level on matters of international environmental forums shall also be promoted, where appropriate.
8.1
Each Party shall guarantee the right of access to justice in environmental matters in accordance with the guarantees of due process.
8.2
Each Party shall ensure, in the framework of its domestic legislation, access to judicial and administrative mechanisms to challenge and appeal, with respect to substance and procedure:
8.2 Each Party shall ensure, in the framework of its domestic legislation, access to judicial and administrative mechanisms to challenge and appeal, with respect to substance and procedure:
8.2.a
any decision, action or omission related to the access to environmental information;
8.2 Each Party shall ensure, in the framework of its domestic legislation, access to judicial and administrative mechanisms to challenge and appeal, with respect to substance and procedure:
8.2.b
any decision, action or omission related to public participation in the decision-making process regarding environmental matters;
8.2 Each Party shall ensure, in the framework of its domestic legislation, access to judicial and administrative mechanisms to challenge and appeal, with respect to substance and procedure:
8.2.c
any other decision, action or omission that affects or could affect the environment adversely or violate laws and regulations related to the environment.
8.3
To guarantee the right of access to justice in environmental matters, each Party shall have, considering its circumstances:
8.3 To guarantee the right of access to justice in environmental matters, each Party shall have, considering its circumstances:
8.3.a
competent State entities with access to expertise in environmental matters;
8.3 To guarantee the right of access to justice in environmental matters, each Party shall have, considering its circumstances:
8.3.b
effective, timely, public, transparent and impartial procedures that are not prohibitively expensive;
8.3 To guarantee the right of access to justice in environmental matters, each Party shall have, considering its circumstances:
8.3.c
broad active legal standing in defence of the environment, in accordance with domestic legislation;
8.3 To guarantee the right of access to justice in environmental matters, each Party shall have, considering its circumstances:
8.3.d
the possibility of ordering precautionary and interim measures, inter alia, to prevent, halt, mitigate or rehabilitate damage to the environment;
8.3 To guarantee the right of access to justice in environmental matters, each Party shall have, considering its circumstances:
8.3.e
measures to facilitate the production of evidence of environmental damage, when appropriate and as applicable, such as the reversal of the burden of proof and the dynamic burden of proof;
8.3 To guarantee the right of access to justice in environmental matters, each Party shall have, considering its circumstances:
8.3.f
mechanisms to execute and enforce judicial and administrative decisions in a timely manner; and
8.3 To guarantee the right of access to justice in environmental matters, each Party shall have, considering its circumstances:
8.3.g
mechanisms for redress, where applicable, such as restitution to the condition prior to the damage, restoration, compensation or payment of a financial penalty, satisfaction, guarantees of non-repetition, assistance for affected persons and financial instruments to support redress.
8.4
To facilitate access to justice in environmental matters for the public, each Party shall establish:
8.4 To facilitate access to justice in environmental matters for the public, each Party shall establish:
8.4.a
measures to minimize or eliminate barriers to the exercise of the right of access to justice;
8.4 To facilitate access to justice in environmental matters for the public, each Party shall establish:
8.4.b
means to publicize the right of access to justice and the procedures to ensure its effectiveness;
8.4 To facilitate access to justice in environmental matters for the public, each Party shall establish:
8.4.c
mechanisms to systematize and disseminate judicial and administrative decisions, as appropriate; and
8.4 To facilitate access to justice in environmental matters for the public, each Party shall establish:
8.4.d
the use of interpretation or translation of languages other than the official languages when necessary for the exercise of that right.
8.5
In order to give effect to the right of access to justice, each Party shall meet the needs of persons or groups in vulnerable situations by establishing support mechanisms, including, as appropriate, free technical and legal assistance.
8.6
Each Party shall ensure that the judicial and administrative decisions adopted in environmental matters and their legal grounds are set out in writing
8.7
Each Party shall promote, where appropriate, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in environmental matters, such as mediation, conciliation or other means that allow such disputes to be prevented or resolved.
9.1
Each Party shall guarantee a safe and enabling environment for persons, groups and organizations that promote and defend human rights in environmental matters, so that they are able to act free from threat, restriction and insecurity
9.2
Each Party shall take adequate and effective measures to recognize, protect and promote all the rights of human rights defenders in environmental matters, including their right to life, personal integrity, freedom of opinion and expression, peaceful assembly and association, and free movement, as well as their ability to exercise their access rights, taking into account its international obligations in the field of human rights, its constitutional principles and the basic concepts of its legal system.
9.3
Each Party shall also take appropriate, effective and timely measures to prevent, investigate and punish attacks, threats or intimidations that human rights defenders in environmental matters may suffer while exercising the rights set out in the present Agreement.
ECHR
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
5.1
每个人都享有自由和人身安全的权利。不得剥 夺任何人的自由，除非依照法律规定的程序在下列 情况中：
5.1.a
由具有管辖权的法院定罪后对某个人的合法 监禁；
5.1.b
由于不遵守法院合法的命令或者为了保证履 行法律所规定的任何义务而对某人予以合法 逮捕或者监禁；
5.1.c
如果有理由足以怀疑某人实施了犯罪行为或 者如果合理地认为有必要防止某人犯罪或者 是在某人犯罪后防止其脱逃，为了将其送交 有关的法律当局而对其实施的合法的逮捕或 者监禁；
5.1.d
基于实行教育性监督的目的而根据合法命令 监禁一个未成年人或者为了将其送交有关的 法律当局而对其予以合法的监禁；
5.1.e
基于防止传染病蔓延的目的而对某人予以合 法的监禁以及对精神失常者、酗酒者或者是 吸毒者或者流氓予以合法的监禁；
5.1.f
为防止某人未经许可进入国境或者为押送出 境或者是引渡而对某人采取行动并予以合法 的逮捕或者监禁。
5.2
应当以被逮捕的任何人所了解的语言立即通知他被逮捕的理由以及被指控的罪名。
5.3
依照本条第 1 款第 3 项的规定而被逮捕或者拘留的任何人，应当立即送交法官或者是其他经法律授权行使司法权的官员，并应当在合理的时间内进行审理或者在审理前予以释放。释放应当以担保出庭候审为条件。
5.4
因被逮捕或者拘留而被剥夺自由的任何人应当有权运用司法程序，法院应当依照司法程序对他被拘留的合法性作出决定，如果拘留是不合法的，则应当命令将其释放。
5.5
由于违反本条规定而被逮捕或者拘留的任何人应当具有可以得到执行的受赔偿的权利。
6.1
在决定某人的公民权利和义务或者在决定对某人确定任何刑事罪名时，任何人有理由在合理的时间内受到依法设立的独立而公正的法院的公平且公开的审讯。判决应当公开宣布。但是，基于对民主社会中的道德、公共秩序或者国家安全的利益，以及对民主社会中的少年的利益或者是保护当事人的私生活权利的考虑，或者是法院认为，在特殊情况下，如果公开审讯将损害公平利益的话，可以拒绝记者和公众参与旁听全部或者部分审讯。
6.2
凡受刑事罪指控者在未经依法证明为有罪之前，应当推定为无罪。
6.3
凡受刑事罪指控者具有下列最低限度的权利：
6.3.a
以他所了解的语言立即详细地通知他被指控 罪名的性质以及被指控的原因；
6.3.b
应当有适当的时间和便利条件为辩护作准 备；
6.3.c
由他本人或者由他自己选择的律师协助替自 己辩护，或者如果他无力支付法律协助费用 的，则基于公平利益考虑，应当免除他的有 关费用；
6.3.d
询问不利于他的证人，并在与不利于他的证 人具有相同的条件下，让有利于他的证人出 庭接受询问；
6.3.e
如果他不懂或者不会讲法院所使用的工作语 言，可以请求免费的译员协助翻译。
7.1
任何人的作为或者不作为，在其发生时根据本国的国内法或者是国际法不构成刑事犯罪的，不得认为其犯有任何罪刑。所处刑罚不得重于犯罪时所适用的刑罚。
13
在依照本公约规定所享有的权利和自由受到侵犯时，任何人有权向有关国家机构请求有效的救济，即使上述侵权行为是由担任公职的人所实施的。
ECHR Protocol No. 6
Protocol No. 6 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
1
死刑应予废除。任何人不应被判处死刑或被处 死。
ECHR Protocol No. 7
Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
1.1
一个合法居住在某国领土内的外国人不应被从 该领土驱逐，除非依据一项根据法律所做出的决 定。并且应当允许该外国人：
1.1.a
تقديم الأسباب التي تشهد ضد طرده،
1.1.b
طلب النظر في قضيته،
1.1.c
由代理人代其向有权机关或该机关指定的个 人提出上述要求。
1.2
若基于公共秩序所必需或者基于国家安全方面的理由，可以在外国人行使其在本条第1款(a), (b)和(c)项下的权利之前被驱逐。
2.1
任何被法庭定了刑事罪名的人应有要求更高一级的法庭对该定罪或量刑进行复审的权利。这一权利的行使以及行使的基础均应由法律规定。
2.2
在按照法律规定属于性质较轻的犯罪、初审法院为最高法院或者在提出针对无罪宣判的上诉后被判有罪等特定情况下，上诉权会受到制约。
3
当某人经最后判决判定犯有刑事犯罪而此后他的 定罪又因新的事实或新发现的事实表明确属错判为 由被推翻或被赦免，则由于此一定罪而受到惩罚之 该人应依该有关国家之法律或惯例获得赔偿，除非 得到证明该未知事实之未被揭示乃全部或部分由他 本人造成。
4.1
任何人不应因已根据一国法律和刑事程序被宣 判无罪或有罪的违法行为在同一国家管辖下的刑事 诉讼中再次受到审讯或处罚。
4.2
如有影响案件结果的新的事实或新发现的事实 证据，或者在此前的诉讼程序中有根本性的缺陷， 那么前款规定不应妨碍根据有关国家的法律和刑事 程序重审此案。
European Framework Convention on Minorities
Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
10.3
The Parties undertake to guarantee the right of every person belonging to a national minority to be informed promptly, in a language which he or she understands, of the reasons for his or her arrest, and of the nature and cause of any accusation against him or her, and to defend himself or herself in this language, if necessary with the free assistance of an interpreter.
ADRDM
American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man
XVIII
Every person may resort to the courts to ensure respect for his legal rights. There should likewise be available to him a simple, brief procedure whereby the courts will protect him from acts of authority that, to his prejudice, violate any fundamental constitutional rights.
XXIV
Every person has the right to submit respectful petitions to any competent authority, for reasons of either general or private interest, and the right to obtain a prompt decision thereon.
XXV
No person may be deprived of his liberty except in the cases and according to the procedures established by pre-existing law. No person may be deprived of liberty for nonfulfillment of obligations of a purely civil character. Every individual who has been deprived of his liberty has the right to have the legality of his detention ascertained without delay by a court, and the right to be tried without undue delay or, otherwise, to be released. He also has the right to humane treatment during the time he is in custody.
XXVI
Every accused person is presumed to be innocent until proved guilty. Every person accused of an offense has the right to be given an impartial and public hearing, and to be tried by courts previously established in accordance with pre-existing laws, and not to receive cruel, infamous or unusual punishment.
ACHR
American Convention on Human Rights
7.1
Every person has the right to personal liberty and security.
7.2
No one shall be deprived of his physical liberty except for the reasons and under the conditions established beforehand by the constitution of the State Party concerned or by a law established pursuant thereto.
7.3
No one shall be subject to arbitrary arrest or imprisonment.
7.4
Anyone who is detained shall be informed of the reasons for his detention and shall be promptly notified of the charge or charges against him.
7.5
Any person detained shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to be released without prejudice to the continuation of the proceedings. His release may be subject to guarantees to assure his appearance for trial.
7.6
Anyone who is deprived of his liberty shall be entitled to recourse to a competent court, in order that the court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his arrest or detention and order his release if the arrest or detention is unlawful. In States Parties whose laws provide that anyone who believes himself to be threatened with deprivation of his liberty is entitled to recourse to a competent court in order that it may decide on the lawfulness of such threat, this remedy may not be restricted or abolished. The interested party or another person in his behalf is entitled to seek these remedies.
7.7
No one shall be detained for debt. This principle shall not limit the orders of a competent judicial authority issued for nonfulfillment of duties of support.
8.1
Every person has the right to a hearing, with due guarantees and within a reasonable time, by a competent, independent, and impartial tribunal, previously established by law, in the substantiation of any accusation of a criminal nature made against him or for the determination of his rights and obligations of a civil, labor, fiscal, or any other nature.
8.2
Every person accused of a criminal offense has the right to be presumed innocent so long as his guilt has not been proven according to law. During the proceedings, every person is entitled, with full equality, to the following minimum guarantees:
8.2.a
the right of the accused to be assisted without charge by a translator or interpreter, if he does not understand or does not speak the language of the tribunal or court;
8.2.b
prior notification in detail to the accused of the charges against him;
8.2.c
adequate time and means for the preparation of his defense;
8.2.d
the right of the accused to defend himself personally or to be assisted by legal counsel of his own choosing, and to communicate freely and privately with his counsel;
8.2.e
the inalienable right to be assisted by counsel provided by the state, paid or not as the domestic law provides, if the accused does not defend himself personally or engage his own counsel within the time period established by law;
8.2.f
the right of the defense to examine witnesses present in the court and to obtain the appearance, as witnesses, of experts or other persons who may throw light on the facts;
8.2.g
the right not to be compelled to be a witness against himself or to plead guilty;
8.2.h
the right to appeal the judgment to a higher court.
8.3
A confession of guilt by the accused shall be valid only if it is made without coercion of any kind.
8.4
An accused person acquitted by a nonappealable judgment shall not be subjected to a new trial for the same cause.
8.5
Criminal proceedings shall be public, except insofar as may be necessary to protect the interests of justice.
9
No one shall be convicted of any act or omission that did not constitute a criminal offense, under the applicable law, at the time it was committed. A heavier penalty shall not be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offense was committed. If subsequent to the commission of the offense the law provides for the imposition of a lighter punishment, the guilty person shall benefit therefrom.
10
Every person has the right to be compensated in accordance with the law in the event he has been sentenced by a final judgment through a miscarriage of justice
24
All persons are equal before the law. Consequently, they are entitled, without discrimination, to equal protection of the law
25.1
Everyone has the right to simple and prompt recourse, or any other effective recourse, to a competent court or tribunal for protection against acts that violate his fundamental rights recognized by the constitution or laws of the state concerned or by this Convention, even though such violation may have been committed by persons acting in the course of their official duties
25.2.a
to ensure that any person claiming such remedy shall have his rights determined by the competent authority provided for by the legal system of the state;
25.2.b
to develop the possibilities of judicial remedy;
25.2.c
to ensure that the competent authorities shall enforce such remedies when granted.
Convention of Belém do Pará
Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women
7.c
include in their domestic legislation penal, civil, administrative and any other type of provisions that may be needed to prevent, punish and eradicate violence against women and to adopt appropriate administrative measures where necessary;
7.f
establish fair and effective legal procedures for women who have been subjected to violence which include, among others, protective measures, a timely hearing and effective access to such procedures;
7.g
establish the necessary legal and administrative mechanisms to ensure that women subjected to violence have effective access to restitution, reparations or other just and effective remedies;
ACHPR
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
3.1
Every individual shall be equal before the law.
3.2
Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.
6
Every individual shall have the right to liberty and to the security of his person. No one may be deprived of his freedom except for reasons and conditions previously laid down by law. In particular, no one may be arbitrarily arrested or detained.
7.1
Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises:
7.1.a
the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force;
7.1.b
the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal;
7.1.c
the right to defense, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice;
7.1.d
the right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal.
7.2
No one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed. Punishment is personal and can be imposed only on the offender.
26
States parties to the present Charter shall have the duty to guarantee the independence of the Courts and shall allow the establishment and improvement of appropriate national institutions entrusted with the promotion and protection of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the present Charter.
ACRWC
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
5.3
Death sentence shall not be pronounced for crimes committed by children.
17.1
Every child accused or found guilty of having infringed penal law shall have the right to special treatment in a manner consistent with the child’s sense of dignity and worth and which reinforces the child’s respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms of others.
17.2
State Parties to the present Charter shall in particular:
17.2.a
ensure that no child who is detained or imprisoned or otherwise deprived of his/her liberty is subjected to torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;
17.2.b
ensure that children are separated from adults in their place of detention or imprisonment;
17.2.c
ensure that every child accused of infringing the penal law:
17.2.c.i
shall be presumed innocent until duly recognized guilty;
17.2.c.ii
shall be informed promptly in a language that he understands and in detail of the charge against him, and shall be entitled to the assistance of an interpreter if he or she cannot understand the language used;
17.2.c.iii
shall be afforded legal and other appropriate assistance in the preparation and presentation of his defence;
17.2.c.iv
shall have the matter determined as speedily as possible by an impartial tribunal and if found guilty, be entitled to an appeal by a higher tribunal;
17.2.d
prohibit the press and the public from the trial.
17.3
The essential aim of treatment of every child during the trial and also if found guilty of infringing the penal law shall be his or her reformation, reintegration into his or her family and social rehabilitation.
17.4
There shall be a minimum age below which children shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law.
Maputo Protocol
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa
8
Women and men are equal before the law and shall have the right to equal protection and benefit of the law. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure:
8.a
effective access by women to judicial and legal services, including legal aid;
8.b
support to local, national, regional and continental initiatives directed at providing women access to legal services, including legal aid;
8.c
the establishment of adequate educational and other appropriate structures with particular attention to women and to sensitise everyone to the rights of women;
8.d
that law enforcement organs at all levels are equipped to effectively interpret and enforce gender equality rights;
8.e
that women are represented equally in the judiciary and law enforcement organs;
8.f
reform of existing discriminatory laws and practices in order to promote and protect the rights of women.
25
States Parties shall undertake to:
25.a
provide for appropriate remedies to any woman whose rights or freedoms, as herein recognised, have been violated;
25.b
ensure that such remedies are determined by competent judicial, administrative or legislative authorities, or by any other competent authority provided for by law.