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确保包容和公平的优质教育，让全民终身享有学习机会

 4.5

到2030年，消除教育中的性别差距，确保残疾人、土著居民和处境脆弱儿童等弱势群体平等获得各级教育和职业培训。

Indicators
4.5.1
这一指标清单上可分列的所有指标的均等指数(女/男、城市/农村、财富五分位最低/最高，以及具备有关数据的其他方面，如残疾状况、土著人民和受冲突影响等)
 UDHR
世界人权宣言
26.1
人人都有受教育的权利，教育应当免费，至少在初级和基本阶段应如此。初级教育应属义务性质。技术和职业教育应普遍设立。高等教育应根据成绩而对一切人平等开放。
ICESCR
经济、社会和文化权利国际公约
2.2
本公约缔约各国承担保证，本公约所宣布的权利应予普遍行使，而不得有例如种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身分等任何区分。
3
本公约缔约各国承担保证男子和妇女在本公约所载一切经济、社会及文化权利方面有平等的权利。
13.1
本公约缔约各国承认，人人有受教育的权利。它们同意，教育应鼓励人的个性和尊严的充分发展，加强对人权和基本自由的尊重，并应使所有的人能有效地参加自由社会，促进各民族之间和各种族、人种或宗教团体之间的了解、容忍和友谊，和促进联合国维护和平的各项活动。
13.2 本公约缔约各国认为，为了充分实现这一权利起见：
13.2.a
初等教育应属义务性质并一律免费；
13.2 本公约缔约各国认为，为了充分实现这一权利起见：
13.2.b
各种形式的中等教育，包括中等技术和职业教育，应以一切适当方法，普遍设立，并对一切人开放，特别要逐渐做到免费；
13.2 本公约缔约各国认为，为了充分实现这一权利起见：
13.2.c
高等教育应根据成绩，以一切适当方法，对一切人平等开放，特别要逐渐做到免费；
13.2 本公约缔约各国认为，为了充分实现这一权利起见：
13.2.d
对那些未受到或未完成初等教育的人的基础教育，应尽可能加以鼓励或推进；
13.2 本公约缔约各国认为，为了充分实现这一权利起见：
13.2.e
各级学校的制度，应积极加以发展；适当的奖学金制度，应予设置；教员的物质条件，应不断加以改善。
14
本公约任何缔约国在参加本公约时尚未能在其宗主领土或其他在其管辖下的领土实施免费的、义务性的初等教育者，承担在两年之内制定和采取一个逐步实行的详细的行动计划，其中规定在合理的年限内实现一切人均得受免费的义务性教育的原则。
CRC
儿童权利公约
2.1
缔约国应遵守本公约所载列的权利，并确保其管辖范围内的每一儿童均享受此种权利，不因儿童或其父母或法定监护人的种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族、族裔或社会出身、财产、伤残、出生或其他身份而有任何差别。
28.1 缔约国确认儿童有受教育的权利，为在机会均等的基础上逐步实现此项权利，缔约国尤应：
28.1.a
实现全面的免费义务小学教育。
28.1 缔约国确认儿童有受教育的权利，为在机会均等的基础上逐步实现此项权利，缔约国尤应：
28.1.b
鼓励发展不同形式的中学教育、包括普通和职业教育，使所有儿童均能享有和接受这种教育，并采取适当措施，诸如实行免费教育和对有需要的人提供津贴。
28.1 缔约国确认儿童有受教育的权利，为在机会均等的基础上逐步实现此项权利，缔约国尤应：
28.1.c
根据能力以一切适当方式使所有人均有受高等教育的机会。
28.1 缔约国确认儿童有受教育的权利，为在机会均等的基础上逐步实现此项权利，缔约国尤应：
28.1.d
使所有儿童均能得到教育和职业方面的资料和指导。
28.1 缔约国确认儿童有受教育的权利，为在机会均等的基础上逐步实现此项权利，缔约国尤应：
28.1.e
采取措施鼓励学生按时出勤和降低辍学率。
28.3
缔约国应促进和鼓励有关教育事项方面的国际合作，特别着眼于在全世界消灭愚昧与文盲，并便利获得科技知识和现代教学方法。在这方面，应特别考虑到发展中国家的需要。
CEDAW
消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约
10 缔约各国应采取一切适当措施以消除对妇女的歧视，并保证妇女在教育方面享有与男子平等的权利，特别是在男女平等的基础上保证:
10.a
在各类教育机构，不论其在农村或城市，职业和行业辅导、学习的机会和文凭的取得，条件相同。在学前教育、普通教育、技术、专业和高等技术教育以及各种职业训练方面，都应保证这种平等。
10 缔约各国应采取一切适当措施以消除对妇女的歧视，并保证妇女在教育方面享有与男子平等的权利，特别是在男女平等的基础上保证:
10.b
课程、考试、师资的标准、校舍和设备的质量一律相同。
10 缔约各国应采取一切适当措施以消除对妇女的歧视，并保证妇女在教育方面享有与男子平等的权利，特别是在男女平等的基础上保证:
10.c
为消除在各级和各种方式的教育中对男女任务的任何定型观念，应鼓励实行男女同校和其他有助于实现这个目的的教育形式，并特别应修订教科书和课程以及相应地修改教学方法。
10 缔约各国应采取一切适当措施以消除对妇女的歧视，并保证妇女在教育方面享有与男子平等的权利，特别是在男女平等的基础上保证:
10.d
领受奖学金和其他研究补助金的机会相同。
10 缔约各国应采取一切适当措施以消除对妇女的歧视，并保证妇女在教育方面享有与男子平等的权利，特别是在男女平等的基础上保证:
10.e
接受成人教育、包括成人识字和实用识字教育的机会相同，特别是为了尽早缩短男女之间存在的教育水平上的一切差距。
10 缔约各国应采取一切适当措施以消除对妇女的歧视，并保证妇女在教育方面享有与男子平等的权利，特别是在男女平等的基础上保证:
10.f
减少女生退学率，并为离校过早的少女和妇女办理种种方案。
10 缔约各国应采取一切适当措施以消除对妇女的歧视，并保证妇女在教育方面享有与男子平等的权利，特别是在男女平等的基础上保证:
10.g
积极参加运动和体育的机会相同。
10 缔约各国应采取一切适当措施以消除对妇女的歧视，并保证妇女在教育方面享有与男子平等的权利，特别是在男女平等的基础上保证:
10.h
有接受特殊教育性辅导的机会，以保障家庭健康和幸福，包括关于计划生育的知识和辅导在内。
CRPD
残疾人权利公约
24.1 缔约国确认残疾人享有受教育的权利。为了在不受歧视和机会均等的情况下实现这一权利，缔约国应当确保在各级教育实行包容性教育制度和终生学习，以便:
24.1.a
充分开发人的潜力，培养自尊自重精神，加强对人权、基本自由和人的多样性的尊重。
24.1 缔约国确认残疾人享有受教育的权利。为了在不受歧视和机会均等的情况下实现这一权利，缔约国应当确保在各级教育实行包容性教育制度和终生学习，以便:
24.1.b
最充分地发展残疾人的个性、才华和创造力以及智能和体能。
24.1 缔约国确认残疾人享有受教育的权利。为了在不受歧视和机会均等的情况下实现这一权利，缔约国应当确保在各级教育实行包容性教育制度和终生学习，以便:
24.1.c
使所有残疾人能切实参与一个自由的社会。
24.2 为了实现这一权利，缔约国应当确保:
24.2.a
残疾人不因残疾而被排拒于普通教育系统之外，残疾儿童不因残疾而被排拒于免费和义务初等教育或中等教育之外。
24.2 为了实现这一权利，缔约国应当确保:
24.2.b
残疾人可以在自己生活的社区内，在与其他人平等的基础上，获得包容性的优质免费初等教育和中等教育。
24.2 为了实现这一权利，缔约国应当确保:
24.2.c
提供合理便利以满足个人的需要。
24.2 为了实现这一权利，缔约国应当确保:
24.2.d
残疾人在普通教育系统中获得必要的支助，便利他们切实获得教育。
24.2 为了实现这一权利，缔约国应当确保:
24.2.e
按照有教无类的包容性目标，在最有利于发展学习和社交能力的环境中，提供适合个人情况的有效支助措施。
ICRMW
保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约
30
移徙工人的每一名子女应照与有关国家国民同等的待遇享有接受教育的基本权利。不得以其父亲或母亲在就业国的逗留或就业方面有任何不正常情况为由或因为其本人的逗留属不正常的情况，而拒绝或限制其进入公立幼儿园或学校。
43.1 移徙工人在以下方面应享有与就业国国民同等的待遇：
43.1.a
在符合有关机构和服务的入学规定和其他规章的情况下，享用教育机构和服务。
43.1 移徙工人在以下方面应享有与就业国国民同等的待遇：
43.1.b
享受职业指导和就业服务。
43.1 移徙工人在以下方面应享有与就业国国民同等的待遇：
43.1.c
享受职业训练和再训练设施和机构。
45.1 移徙工人的家庭成员在就业国内在以下方面应享有与该国国民同等的待遇：
45.1.b
享受职业指导和训练机构和服务，但需符合参加的规定。
UNDRIP
联合国土著人民权利宣言
14.1
土著人民有权建立和掌管他们的教育制度和机构，以自己的语言和适合 其文化教学方法的方式提供教育。
14.2
土著人，特别是土著儿童，有权不受歧视地获得国家提供的所有程度和 形式的教育。
14.3
各国应与土著人民共同采取有效措施，让土著人，特别是土著儿童，包 括生活在土著社区外的土著人，在可能的情况下，有机会获得以自己的语言提供的有关自身文化的教育。
ILO 142
人力资源发展公约，1975（第142号）
ILO 142
本国际劳工组织公约要求各会员国采用并发展全面协调的的政策和规划，来进行与就业紧密相关的职业指导和培训，特别是通过公共就业服务。
ILO 159
（残疾人）职业康复和就业公约，1983（第159号）
ILO 159
本公约要求会员国制定、实施和定期审查关于残疾人职业康复和就业的国家政策。
ILO 169
土著和部落居民公约，1989（第169号）
Description 1
本国际劳工组织公约要求，在制定可能影响土著和部落民族的决议中，要与其协商、使其参与其中。
6.1
在实施本公约的规定时，各国政府应：
6.1 在实施本公约的规定时，各国政府应：
6.1.a
当考虑立法或行政措施时，通过适当的程序，特别是通过其代表机构，与可能受直接影响的有关民族进行磋商；
6.1 在实施本公约的规定时，各国政府应：
6.1.b
确立各种途径，以使这些民族可以自由地，至少是与人口中其他部分人同等地参与，负责制订与其有关的政策和计划的选举机构，行政机构和其他机构的各项决策；
6.1 在实施本公约的规定时，各国政府应：
6.1.c
确立各种途径，使他们充分发展本民族的制度和举措，并在适当的情况下，为此提供所需资源。
6.2
在实施公约的过程中，应出于诚意并以适合当时情形的方式开展磋商，以就提议的措施达成协议或取得一致意见。
ECHR Protocol
Protocol to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
2
任何人都不应当被否认受教育权。在国家行驶其所承担的与教育和教学相关的任何功能的过程中，国家应当尊重父母确保此类教育和教学符合其自己的宗教和哲学信仰的权利。
European Social Charter
European Social Charter (Revised)
Part II
The Parties undertake, as provided for in Part III, to consider themselves bound by the obligations laid down in the following articles and paragraphs.
Part#I.9
Everyone has the right to appropriate facilities for vocational guidance with a view to helping him choose an occupation suited to his personal aptitude and interests.
Part#II.9
With a view to ensuring the effective exercise of the right to vocational guidance, the Parties undertake to provide or promote, as necessary, a service which will assist all persons, including the handicapped, to solve problems related to occupational choice and progress, with due regard to the individual's characteristics and their relation to occupational opportunity: this assistance should be available free of charge, both to young persons, including schoolchildren, and to adults.
Part#I.10
Everyone has the right to appropriate facilities for vocational training.
Part#II.10
With a view to ensuring the effective exercise of the right to vocational training, the Parties undertake:
Part#II.10.1
to provide or promote, as necessary, the technical and vocational training of all persons, including the handicapped, in consultation with employers' and workers' organisations, and to grant facilities for access to higher technical and university education, based solely on individual aptitude;
Part#II.10.4
to provide or promote, as necessary, special measures for the retraining and reintegration of the long-term unemployed;
Part#II.15
With a view to ensuring to persons with disabilities, irrespective of age and the nature and origin of their disabilities, the effective exercise of the right to independence, social integration and participation in the life of the community, the Parties undertake, in particular:
Part#I.15
Disabled persons have the right to independence, social integration and participation in the life of the community.
Part#II.15.1
to take the necessary measures to provide persons with disabilities with guidance, education and vocational training in the framework of general schemes wherever possible or, where this is not possible, through specialised bodies, public or private;
Part#I.20
All workers have the right to equal opportunities and equal treatment in matters of employment and occupation without discrimination on the grounds of sex.
Part#II.20
With a view to ensuring the effective exercise of the right to equal opportunities and equal treatment in matters of employment and occupation without discrimination on the grounds of sex, the Parties undertake to recognise that right and to take appropriate measures to ensure or promote its application in the following fields:
Part#II.20.b
vocational guidance, training, retraining and rehabilitation;
Part#II.27
With a view to ensuring the exercise of the right to equality of opportunity and treatment for men and women workers with family responsibilities and between such workers and other workers, the Parties undertake:
Part#I.27
All persons with family responsibilities and who are engaged or wish to engage in employment have a right to do so without being subject to discrimination and as far as possible without conflict between their employment and family responsibilities.
Part#II.27.1
to take appropriate measures:
Part#II.27.1.a
to enable workers with family responsibilities to enter and remain in employment, as well as to reenter employment after an absence due to those responsibilities, including measures in the field of vocational guidance and training;
European Framework Convention on Minorities
Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
12.3
The Parties undertake to promote equal opportunities for access to education at all levels for persons belonging to national minorities.
13.1
Within the framework of their education systems, the Parties shall recognise that persons belonging to a national minority have the right to set up and to manage their own private educational and training establishments.
13.2
The exercise of this right shall not entail any financial obligation for the Parties.
14.1
The Parties undertake to recognise that every person belonging to a national minority has the right to learn his or her minority language.
14.2
In areas inhabited by persons belonging to national minorities traditionally or in substantial numbers, if there is sufficient demand, the Parties shall endeavour to ensure, as far as possible and within the framework of their education systems, that persons belonging to those minorities have adequate opportunities for being taught the minority language or for receiving instruction in this language.
14.3
Paragraph 2 of this article shall be implemented without prejudice to the learning of the official language or the teaching in this language.
ADRDM
American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man
II
All persons are equal before the law and have the rights and duties established in this Declaration, without distinction as to race, sex, language, creed or any other factor.
XII
Every person has the right to an education, which should be based on the principles of liberty, morality and human solidarity. Likewise every person has the right to an education that will prepare him to attain a decent life, to raise his standard of living, and to be a useful member of society. The right to an education includes the right to equality of opportunity in every case, in accordance with natural talents, merit and the desire to utilize the resources that the state or the community is in a position to provide. Every person has the right to receive, free, at least a primary education.
ACHR
American Convention on Human Rights
1.1
The States Parties to this Convention undertake to respect the rights and freedoms recognized herein and to ensure to all persons subject to their jurisdiction the free and full exercise of those rights and freedoms, without any discrimination for reasons of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, economic status, birth, or any other social condition.
26
The States Parties undertake to adopt measures, both internally and through international cooperation, especially those of an economic and technical nature, with a view to achieving progressively, by legislation or other appropriate means, the full realization of the rights implicit in the economic, social, educational, scientific, and cultural standards set forth in the Charter of the Organization of American States as amended by the Protocol of Buenos Aires.
Protocol of San Salvador
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural rights (Protocol of San Salvador)
3
The State Parties to this Protocol undertake to guarantee the exercise of the rights set forth herein without discrimination of any kind for reasons related to race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinions, national or social origin, economic status, birth or any other social condition.
13.1
Everyone has the right to education.
13.3
The States Parties to this Protocol recognize that in order to achieve the full exercise of the right to education:
13.3.a
Primary education should be compulsory and accessible to all without cost;
13.3.b
Secondary education in its different forms, including technical and vocational secondary education, should be made generally available and accessible to all by every appropriate means, and in particular, by the progressive introduction of free education;
13.3.c
Higher education should be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of individual capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular, by the progressive introduction of free education;
13.3.d
Basic education should be encouraged or intensified as far as possible for those persons who have not received or completed the whole cycle of primary instruction;
13.3.e
Programs of special education should be established for the handicapped, so as to provide special instruction and training to persons with physical disabilities or mental deficiencies.
18
Everyone affected by a diminution of his physical or mental capacities is entitled to receive special attention designed to help him achieve the greatest possible development of his personality. The States Parties agree to adopt such measures as may be necessary for this purpose and, especially, to:
18.a
Undertake programs specifically aimed at providing the handicapped with the resources and environment needed for attaining this goal, including work programs consistent with their possibilities and freely accepted by them or their legal representatives, as the case may be;
Inter-American Convention on discrimination against persons with disabilities
Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
III
To achieve the objectives of this Convention, the states parties undertake:
III.1
To adopt the legislative, social, educational, labor-related, or any other measures needed to eliminate discrimination against persons with disabilities and to promote their full integration into society, including, but not limited to:
III.1.a
Measures to eliminate discrimination gradually and to promote integration by government authorities and/or private entities in providing or making available goods, services, facilities, programs, and activities such as employment, transportation, communications, housing, recreation, education, sports, law enforcement and administration of justice, and political and administrative activities;
III.1.b
Measures to ensure that new buildings, vehicles, and facilities constructed or manufactured within their respective territories facilitate transportation, communications, and access by persons with disabilities;
III.1.c
Measures to eliminate, to the extent possible, architectural, transportation, and communication obstacles to facilitate access and use by persons with disabilities;
III.1.d
Measures to ensure that persons responsible for applying this Convention and domestic law in this area are trained to do so.
III.2
To work on a priority basis in the following areas:
III.2.b
Early detection and intervention, treatment, rehabilitation, education, job training, and the provision of comprehensive services to ensure the optimal level of independence and quality of life for persons with disabilities;
ACHPR
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
17.1
Every individual shall have the right to education.
18.3
The State shall ensure the elimination of every discrimination against women and also censure the protection of the rights of the woman and the child as stipulated in international declarations and conventions.
18.4
The aged and the disabled shall also have the right to special measures of protection in keeping with their physical or moral needs.
ACRWC
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
3
Every child shall be entitled to the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed in this Charter irrespective of the child’s or his/her parents’ or legal guardians’ race, ethnic group, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national and social origin, fortune, birth or other status.
11.1
Every child shall have the right to education.
11.3
State Parties to the present Charter shall take all appropriate measures with a view to achieving the full realization of this right and shall in particular:
11.3.c
make higher education accessible to all on the basis of capacity and ability by every appropriate means;
11.3.e
take special measures in respect of female, gifted and disadvantaged children, to ensure equal access to education for all sections of the community.
11.6
State Parties to the present Charter shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that children who become pregnant before completing their education shall have an opportunity to continue their education on the basis of their individual ability.
13.2
State Parties to the present Charter shall ensure, subject to available resources, to a disabled child and to those responsible for his care, assistance for which application is made and which is appropriate to the child’s condition and in particular shall ensure that the disabled child has effective access to training, preparation for employment and recreation opportunities in a manner conducive to the child achieving the fullest possible social integration, individual development and his/her cultural and moral development.
13.3
The State Parties to the present Charter shall use their available resources with a view to achieving progressively the full convenience of the mentally and physically disabled person to movement and access to public highway buildings and other places to which the disabled may legitimately want to have access to.
Maputo Protocol
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa
12.1
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to:
12.1.a
eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and guarantee equal opportunity and access in the sphere of education and training;
12.1.b
eliminate all stereotypes in textbooks, syllabuses and the media, that perpetuate such discrimination;
12.1.c
protect women, especially the girl-child from all forms of abuse, including sexual harassment in schools and other educational institutions and provide for sanctions against the perpetrators of such practices;
12.1.d
provide access to counselling and rehabilitation services to women who suffer abuses and sexual harassment;
12.1.e
integrate gender sensitisation and human rights education at all levels of education curricula including teacher training.
12.2
States Parties shall take specific positive action to:
12.2.a
promote literacy among women;
12.2.b
promote education and training for women at all levels and in all disciplines, particularly in the fields of science and technology;
12.2.c
promote the enrolment and retention of girls in schools and other training institutions and the organisation of programmes for women who leave school prematurely.
22
The States Parties undertake to:
22.a
provide protection to elderly women and take specific measures commensurate with their physical, economic and social needs as well as their access to employment and professional training;
23
The States Parties undertake to:
23.a
ensure the protection of women with disabilities and take specific measures commensurate with their physical, economic and social needs to facilitate their access to employment, professional and vocational training as well as their participation in decision-making;
24
The States Parties undertake to:
24.a
ensure the protection of poor women and women heads of families including women from marginalized population groups and provide an environment suitable to their condition and their special physical, economic and social needs;