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الأهداف المقاصد الآليات وصف المقال
11

جعل المدن والمستوطنات البشرية شاملة للجميع وآمنة وقادرة على الصمود ومستدامة.

11.6

الحد من الأثر البيئي السلبي الفردي للمدن، بما في ذلك عن طريق إيلاء اهتمام خاص لنوعية الهواء وإدارة نفايات البلديات وغيرها، بحلول عام 2030.

Indicators
11.6.1
النسبة المئوية للنفايات الصلبة الحضرية التي تُجمع بانتظام ومع تفريغها نهائيا بقدر كاف مع اعتبار مجموع النفايات المتولدة عن المدينة.
11.6.2
المتوسط السنوي لمستويات الجسيمات (على سبيل المثال الجسيمات من الفئة 2,5 والجسيمات من الفئة 10) في المدن (المرجح حسب السكان.
 العهد الدولي الخاص بالحقوق الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية 12.1 تقر الدول الأطراف في هذا العهد بحق كل إنسان في التمتع بأعلى مستوى من الصحة الجسمية والعقلية يمكن بلوغه.
12.2 تشمل التدابير التي يتعين على الدول الأطراف في هذا العهد اتخاذها لتأمين الممارسة الكاملة لهذا الحق، تلك التدابير اللازمة من أجل:
12-2-(ب) تحسين جميع جوانب الصحة البيئية والصناعية،
إعلان الأمم المتحدة بشأن حقوق الشعوب الأصلية 29.2 على الدول أن تتخذ تدابير فعالة لضمان عدم تخزين مواد خطرة أو التخلص منها في أراضي الشعوب الأصلية أو أقاليمها، دون موافقتها الحرة والمسبقة والمستنيرة.
Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean 1 The objective of the present Agreement is to guarantee the full and effective implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean of the rights of access to environmental information, public participation in the environmental decision-making process and access to justice in environmental matters, and the creation and strengthening of capacities and cooperation, contributing to the protection of the right of every person of present and future generations to live in a healthy environment and to sustainable development.
4.1 Each Party shall guarantee the right of every person to live in a healthy environment and any other universally-recognized human right related to the present Agreement.
4.2 Each Party shall ensure that the rights recognized in the present Agreement are freely exercised.
4.3 Each Party shall adopt the necessary measures, of a legislative, regulatory, administrative or any other nature, in the framework of its domestic provisions, to guarantee the implementation of the provisions of the present Agreement.
5.2 The exercise of the right of access to environmental information includes:
5.2 The exercise of the right of access to environmental information includes:
5.2.a requesting and receiving information from competent authorities without mentioning any special interest or explaining the reasons for the request;
5.2 The exercise of the right of access to environmental information includes:
5.2.b being informed promptly whether the requested information is in possession or not of the competent authority receiving the request;
5.2 The exercise of the right of access to environmental information includes:
5.2.c being informed of the right to challenge and appeal when information is not delivered, and of the requirements for exercising this right.
5.3 Each Party shall facilitate access to environmental information for persons or groups in vulnerable situations, establishing procedures for the provision of assistance, from the formulation of requests through to the delivery of the information, taking into account their conditions and specificities, for the purpose of promoting access and participation under equal conditions.
5.4 Each Party shall guarantee that the above-mentioned persons or groups in vulnerable situations, including indigenous peoples and ethnic groups, receive assistance in preparing their requests and obtain a response.
6.1 Each Party shall guarantee, to the extent possible within available resources, that the competent authorities generate, collect, publicize and disseminate environmental information relevant to their functions in a systematic, proactive, timely, regular, accessible and comprehensible manner, and periodically update this information and encourage the disaggregation and decentralization of environmental information at the subnational and local levels. Each Party shall strengthen coordination between the different authorities of the State.
6.2 The competent authorities shall endeavour to ensure, to the extent possible, that environmental information is reusable, processable and available in formats that are accessible, and that no restrictions are placed on its reproduction or use, in accordance with domestic legislation.
6.3 Each Party shall have in place one or more up-to-date environmental information systems, which may include, inter alia:
6.3 Each Party shall have in place one or more up-to-date environmental information systems, which may include, inter alia:
6.3.a the texts of treaties and international agreements, as well as environmental laws, regulations and administrative acts;
6.3 Each Party shall have in place one or more up-to-date environmental information systems, which may include, inter alia:
6.3.b reports on the state of the environment;
6.3 Each Party shall have in place one or more up-to-date environmental information systems, which may include, inter alia:
6.3.c a list of public entities competent in environmental matters and, where possible, their respective areas of operation;
6.3 Each Party shall have in place one or more up-to-date environmental information systems, which may include, inter alia:
6.3.d a list of polluted areas, by type of pollutant and location;
6.3 Each Party shall have in place one or more up-to-date environmental information systems, which may include, inter alia:
6.3.e information on the use and conservation of natural resources and ecosystem services;
6.3 Each Party shall have in place one or more up-to-date environmental information systems, which may include, inter alia:
6.3.f scientific, technical or technological reports, studies and information on environmental matters produced by academic and research institutions, whether public or private, national or foreign;
6.3 Each Party shall have in place one or more up-to-date environmental information systems, which may include, inter alia:
6.3.h information on environmental impact assessment processes and on other environmental management instruments, where applicable, and environmental licences or permits granted by the public authorities;
6.3 Each Party shall have in place one or more up-to-date environmental information systems, which may include, inter alia:
6.3.i an estimated list of waste by type and, when possible, by volume, location and year; and
6.3 Each Party shall have in place one or more up-to-date environmental information systems, which may include, inter alia:
6.3.j information on the imposition of administrative sanctions in environmental matters.
6.3 Each Party shall have in place one or more up-to-date environmental information systems, which may include, inter alia:
6.3.z Each Party shall guarantee that environmental information systems are duly organized, accessible to all persons and made progressively available through information technology and georeferenced media, where appropriate.
6.4 Each Party shall take steps to establish a pollutant release and transfer register covering air, water, soil and subsoil pollutants, as well as materials and waste in its jurisdiction. This register will be established progressively and updated periodically.
6.5 Each Party shall guarantee that in the case of an imminent threat to public health or the environment, the relevant competent authority shall immediately disclose and disseminate through the most effective means all pertinent information in its possession that could help the public take measures to prevent or limit potential damage. Each Party shall develop and implement an early warning system using available mechanisms.
6.6 In order to facilitate access by persons or groups in vulnerable situations to information that particularly affects them, each Party shall endeavour, where applicable, to ensure that the competent authorities disseminate environmental information in the various languages used in the country, and prepare alternative formats that are comprehensible to those groups, using suitable channels of communication.
6.7 Each Party shall use its best endeavours to publish and disseminate at regular intervals, not exceeding five years, a national report on the state of the environment, which may contain:
6.7 Each Party shall use its best endeavours to publish and disseminate at regular intervals, not exceeding five years, a national report on the state of the environment, which may contain:
6.7.a information on the state of the environment and natural resources, including quantitative data, where possible;
6.7 Each Party shall use its best endeavours to publish and disseminate at regular intervals, not exceeding five years, a national report on the state of the environment, which may contain:
6.7.z Such reports shall be drafted in an easily comprehensible manner and accessible to the public in different formats and disseminated through appropriate means, taking into account cultural realities. Each Party may invite the public to make contributions to these reports.
6.8 Each Party shall encourage independent environmental performance reviews that take into account nationally or internationally agreed criteria and guides and common indicators, with a view to evaluating the efficacy, effectiveness and progress of its national environmental policies in fulfilment of their national and international commitments. The reviews shall include participation by the various stakeholders.
6.9 Each Party shall promote access to environmental information contained in concessions, contracts, agreements or authorizations granted, which involve the use of public goods, services or resources, in accordance with domestic legislation.
6.10 Each Party shall ensure that consumers and users have official, relevant and clear information on the environmental qualities of goods and services and their effects on health, favouring sustainable production and consumption patterns.
6.12 Each Party shall take the necessary measures, through legal or administrative frameworks, among others, to promote access to environmental information in the possession of private entities, in particular information on their operations and the possible risks and effects on human health and the environment.
7.2 Each Party shall guarantee mechanisms for the participation of the public in decision-making processes, revisions, re-examinations or updates with respect to projects and activities, and in other processes for granting environmental permits that have or may have a significant impact on the environment, including when they may affect health.
7.3 Each Party shall promote the participation of the public in decision-making processes, revisions, re-examinations or updates other than those referred to in paragraph 2 of the present article with respect to environmental matters of public interest, such as land-use planning, policies, strategies, plans, programmes, rules and regulations, which have or may have a significant impact on the environment.
7.4 Each Party shall adopt measures to ensure that the public can participate in the decision-making process from the early stages, so that due consideration can be given to the observations of the public, thus contributing to the process. To that effect, each Party shall provide the public with the necessary information in a clear, timely and comprehensive manner, to give effect to its right to participate in the decision-making process.
7.5 The public participation procedure will provide for reasonable timeframes that allow sufficient time to inform the public and for its effective participation.
7.7 The public’s right to participate in environmental decision-making processes shall include the opportunity to present observations through appropriate means available, according to the circumstances of the process. Before adopting the decision, the relevant public authority shall give due consideration to the outcome of the participation process.
7.9 The dissemination of the decisions resulting from environmental impact assessments and other environmental decision-making processes in which the public has participated shall be carried out through appropriate means, which may include written, electronic or oral means and customary methods, in an effective and prompt manner. The information disseminated shall include the established procedure to allow the public to take the relevant administrative and judicial actions.
7.12 Each Party shall promote, where appropriate and in accordance with domestic legislation, public participation in international forums and negotiations on environmental matters or with an environmental impact, in accordance with the procedural rules on participation of each forum. The participation of the public at the national level on matters of international environmental forums shall also be promoted, where appropriate.
7.17 With respect to the environmental decision-making processes referred to in paragraph 2 of the present article, as a minimum, the following information shall be made public:
7.17 With respect to the environmental decision-making processes referred to in paragraph 2 of the present article, as a minimum, the following information shall be made public:
7.17.a a description of the area of influence and physical and technical characteristics of the proposed project or activity;
7.17 With respect to the environmental decision-making processes referred to in paragraph 2 of the present article, as a minimum, the following information shall be made public:
7.17.b a description of the main environmental impacts of the project or activity and, as appropriate, the cumulative environmental impact;
7.17 With respect to the environmental decision-making processes referred to in paragraph 2 of the present article, as a minimum, the following information shall be made public:
7.17.c a description of the measures foreseen with respect to those impacts;
7.17 With respect to the environmental decision-making processes referred to in paragraph 2 of the present article, as a minimum, the following information shall be made public:
7.17.d a summary of (a), (b) and (c) of the present paragraph in comprehensible, non-technical language;
7.17 With respect to the environmental decision-making processes referred to in paragraph 2 of the present article, as a minimum, the following information shall be made public:
7.17.e the public reports and opinions of the involved entities addressed to the public authority related to the project or activity under consideration;
7.17 With respect to the environmental decision-making processes referred to in paragraph 2 of the present article, as a minimum, the following information shall be made public:
7.17.f a description of the available technologies to be used and alternative locations for executing the project or activity subject to assessment, when the information is available; and
7.17 With respect to the environmental decision-making processes referred to in paragraph 2 of the present article, as a minimum, the following information shall be made public:
7.17.g actions taken to monitor the implementation and results of environmental impact assessment measures.
7.17 With respect to the environmental decision-making processes referred to in paragraph 2 of the present article, as a minimum, the following information shall be made public:
7.17.z The aforementioned information shall be made available free of charge to the public in accordance with paragraph 17 of article 5 of the present Agreement.
13 Each Party, to the extent of its ability and in accordance with its national priorities, commits to provide the resources for national activities that are needed to fulfil the obligations derived from the present Agreement.
American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man XI Every person has the right to the preservation of his health through sanitary and social measures relating to food, clothing, housing and medical care, to the extent permitted by public and community resources
American Convention on Human Rights 26 The States Parties undertake to adopt measures, both internally and through international cooperation, especially those of an economic and technical nature, with a view to achieving progressively, by legislation or other appropriate means, the full realization of the rights implicit in the economic, social, educational, scientific, and cultural standards set forth in the Charter of the Organization of American States as amended by the Protocol of Buenos Aires.
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural rights (Protocol of San Salvador) 11.1 Everyone shall have the right to live in a healthy environment and to have access to basic public services.
11.2 The States Parties shall promote the protection, preservation, and improvement of the environment.
الميثاق الأفريقي لحقوق الإنسان والشعوب 16.1 Every individual shall have the right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical and mental health.
24 All peoples shall have the right to a general satisfactory environment favourable to their development.
الميثاق الأفريقي بشأن حقوق ورفاهية الطفل 14.1 Every child shall have the right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical, mental and spiritual health.
بروتوكول الميثاق الأفريقي لحقوق الإنسان والشعوب بشأن حقوق المرأة 18.1 Women shall have the right to live in a healthy and sustainable environment.
18.2 States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to:
18.2.a ensure greater participation of women in the planning, management and preservation of the environment and the sustainable use of natural resources at all levels;
18.2.d regulate the management, processing, storage and disposal of domestic waste;
18.2.e ensure that proper standards are followed for the storage, transportation and disposal of toxic waste.
خ تغير بشأن الإطارية المتحدة الأمم 4.1 All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, shall:
4.1.a ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﺼﺮ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌ ﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣـﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳛﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺮﻳﺎﻝ، ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟـﺔ ﺍﳌـﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﳍـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐـﺎﺯﺍﺕ، ١٢ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﹰﺎ، ﻭﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﺗﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ، ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ، ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ؛
4.1.b ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ، ﻭﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫ ﻟﻚ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﹰﺎ، ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ، ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗـﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳛﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺮﻳﺎﻝ، ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ، ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ، ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﳌـﺼﺮﻑ، ﻭﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻟﺘﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ، ﻭﺗﻨ ﻔﻴﺬ ﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﻟـﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﻧـﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ؛
4.1.f قوم جميع الأطراف، واضعين في الاعتبار مسؤولياهتم المشتركة، وإن كانت متباينة، وأولوياهتم وأهدافهم وظروفهم الإنمائية المحددة على الصعيدين الوطني والإقليمي، بما يلي: أخذ اعتبارات تغير المناخ في الحسبان، إلى الحد الممكن عملياً . في سياساهتا وإجراءاهتا الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والبيئية ذات الصلة، واستخدام أساليب ملائمـة، مثـل تقييمات الأثر، تصاغ وتحدد على الصعيد الوطني، بغية التقليل إلى أدنى حد من الآثار الضارة التي تلحق بالاقتصاد والصحة العامة ونوعية البيئة من جراء المشاريع أو التدابير التي يضطلعون هبا من أجل التخفيف من تغير المناخ أو التكيف معه؛
اتفاق باريس 2.1 يرمي هذا الاتفاق، من خلال تحسين تنفيذ الاتفاقية، وبما يشمل هدفها، إلى توطيد الاستجابة العالمية للتهديد الذي يشكله تغير المناخ، في سياق التنمية المستدامة وجهود القضاء على الفقر، بوسائل منها:
2.1.b (ب) وتعزيز القدرة على التكيف مع الآثار الضارة لتغير المناخ وتعزيز القدرة على تحمل تغير المناخ وتوطيد التنمية الخفيضة انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة، على نحو لا يهدد إنتاج الأغذية؛
4.1 من أجل تحقيق هدف درجة الحرارة الطويل الأجل المحدد في المادة 2، تهدف الأطراف إلى تحقيق وقف عالمي لارتفاع انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في أقرب وقت ممكن، مُسلِّمة بأن وقف ارتفاع الانبعاثات سيتطلب وقتاً أطول من البلدان النامية الأطراف؛ وإلى الاضطلاع بتخفيضات سريعة بعد ذلك وفقاً لأفضل المعارف العلمية المتاحة، من أجل تحقيق توازن بين الانبعاثات البشرية المنشأ من المصادر وعمليات إزالتها بواسطة البواليع في النصف الثاني من القرن، على أساس الإنصاف وفي سياق التنمية المستدامة والجهود الرامية إلى القضاء على الفقر.
4.19 ينبغي أن تسعى جميع الأطراف إلى وضع استراتيجيات إنمائية خفيضة انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة وطويلة الأجل والإبلاغ عنها، واضعةً في اعتبارها المادة 2 ومراعيةً مسؤولياتها المشتركة وإن كانت متباينة وقدرات كل منها، في ضوء الظروف الوطنية المختلفة.
6.1 تسلِّم الأطراف بأن تختار بعض الأطراف السعي إلى تعاون طوعي في تنفيذ مساهماتها المحددة وطنياً لإتاحة مستوى أعلى من الطموح في إجراءاتها المتعلقة بالتخفيف والتكيف وتعزيز التنمية المستدامة والسلامة البيئية.
اتفاقية بازل بشأن التحكم في نقل النفايات الخطرة والتخلص منها عبر الحدود 4.2 يتخذ كل طرف التدابري الالزمة بُغية:
4.2.a ضامن خفض توليد النفايات الخطرة والنفايات األخرى داخله إىل الحد األدىن، مع األخذ يف االعتبار الجوانب االجتامعية والتكنولوجية واالقتصادية؛
4.2.b ضامن إتاحة مرافق كافية للتخلص ألغراض اإلدارة السلبية بيئياً للنفايات الخطرة والنفايات األخرى تكون موجودة داخله قدر اإلمكان، أياً كان مكان التخلص منها؛
10.1 تتعاون األطراف بعضها مع بعض من أجل تحسني اإلدارة السليمة بيئياً للنفايات الخطرة وغريها من نفايات وتحقيقها.
10.2 وتحقيقاً لهذه الغاية، عىل األطراف أن:
10.2.a تتيح املعلومات، عند الطلب، سواء عىل أساس ثنايئ أو متعدد األطراف، بغرض النهوض باإلدارة السليمة بيئياً للنفايات الخطرة والنفايات األخرى، مبا يف ذلك إضفاء االتساق عىل املعايري واملامرسات التقنية املستخدمة يف اإلدارة الكفء للنفايات الخطرة والنفايات األخرى؛
10.2.b تتعاون يف رصد آثار إدارة النفايات الخطرة عىل الصحة البرشية والبيئة؛
10.2.c تتعاون، وفقاً لقوانينها وأنظمتها وسياساتها الوطنية، يف استحداث وتطبيق تكنولوجيات جديدة منخفضة النفايات وسليمة بيئياً ويف تحسني التكنولوجيات القامئة بهدف القضاء، كلام تسنى ذلك من الناحية العملية، عىل توليد النفايات الخطرة والنفايات األخرى والتوصل إىل طرق أكرث فعالية وكفاءة لضامن إدارتها عىل نحو سليم بيئياً، مبا يف ذلك دراسة اآلثار االقتصادية واالجتامعية والبيئية العتامد تلك التكنولوجيات الجديدة أو املحسنة؛
10.2.d تتعاون بنشاط، وفقاً لقوانينها وأنظمتها وسياساتها الوطنية، يف نقل التكنولوجيا ونظم اإلدارة املتصلة باإلدارة السليمة بيئياً للنفايات الخطرة والنفايات األخرى. وتتعاون أيضاً يف تنمية القدرة التقنية فيام بني األطراف املتعاقدة، والسيام األطراف التي قد تحتاج إىل املساعدة التقنية وتطلبها يف هذا امليدان؛
10.2.e تتعاون األطراف بعضها مع بعض من أجل تحسني اإلدارة السليمة بيئياً للنفايات الخطرة وغريها من نفايات وتحقيقها. تتعاون يف وضع مبادئ توجيهية مناسبة و/أو مدونات قواعد املامرسة.